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摘要: 通过追溯普通法国家从旧自然正义观到新自然正义观的“行政程序革命”,可以看到从自然正义到程序公正的范式转变,这种演进背后体现的功利——尊严进路的差别以及隐含的司法与立法、行政的关系,以及普通法、制定法和软法在普通法国家行政程序正义中的位置。 | |||
关键词: 自然正义;程序公正;软法;普通法 | |||
在普通法国家中,除了美国于1946年制定有《行政程序法》之外,包括英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家中并无行政程序法典。如果要问在这些国家中程序性权利是如何得到保护的,国内学者想必对源于英国法的自然正义(Natural Justice)不至于太陌生。该原则所包含的两个理念即任何人都不得做自己案件的法官(Nemo debet esse judex in propria sua causa)和听取当事人的意见(audi alteram partem),已是法学界的常识——至少对行政法学界来说是这样,甚至可以直接引述而无须标注。[1]不仅如此,行政诉讼的原告在法院采用该原则作为诉讼的理由,而部分法院亦诉诸其姊妹原则“正当程序”(Due Process of Law)作为断案的依据。[2]尽管很多法院判决的推理过程不无争议,[3]但其作为行政法原则的理论魅力和观念冲击力显然是毋庸置疑的。不仅美国宪法修正案第五条明确宣示了正当法律程序的要求;据信该原则还直接或间接地影响到了其他非普通法国家的行政程序立法。[4] |
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注释: 本文系国家留学基金委员会“中加学者”项目和教育部人文与社会科学重点研究基地项目“行政程序法典化研究”(项目编号:13JJD820001)的部分成果。 [1]参见姜明安主编:《行政法与行政诉讼法》(第5版),北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社2011年版,第75页。 [2]何海波:《司法判决中的正当程序》,《法学研究》2009年第1期;孟凡壮:《论正当程序原则在行政审判中的适用》,《行政法学研究》2014年第4期。 [3]何海波:《正当程序原则的正当性:一场模拟法庭辩论》,《政法论坛》2009年第5期。 [4]周佑勇:《行政法的正当程序原则》,《中国社会科学》2004年第4期。 [5] Charles A. Miller, The Forest of Due Process of Law: The American Constitutional Tradition, J. Roland Pennock & John W. Chapman (eds.,), Due Process, New York University Press,1977, pp.4-6. [6] Geoffrey Marshall, Due Process in England, J. Roland Pennock & John W. Chapman (eds.), Due Process, New York University Press,1977, pp.69-70. [7] H.H. Marshall, Natural Justice, Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1959, p.13. [8] Justinian Codex, Book III, Title V.,3.5.1.(Ne quis in sua causa judicet vel sibi jus dicat). [9] R v Sussex Justices, Ex parte McCarthy ([1924]1 KB 256, at 259;[1923] All ER Rep 233. [10] D. J. Hewitt, Natural Justice, Butterworths,1972, pp.16-18. [11]77 Eng. Rep.638,652(C. P.1610). [12]80 Eng. Rep.235(C.P.1614). [13] John M. Kelly, Audi Alteram Partem, Natural Law Forum (1964), Paper 84, pp.103-110. [14] Bagg’s Case (1615)11 Co. Rep.93b. [15] R.v. Chancellor of the University of Cambridge (1723)1 Str.557. [16] Mark Aronson & Matthew Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action, Fifth Edition, Thomson Reuters,2013, pp.405-406. [17] Frederick F. Schauer, English Natural Justice and American Due Process: An Analytical Comparison,18 William and Mary Law Review 47(1976). [18]3 Coke, Institutes of the Laws of England,35. [19]1 Str. At 567,93 Eng. Rep. at 704. [20] Frederick F. Schauer, English Natural Justice and American Due Process: An Analytical Comparison,18 William and Mary Law Review 47(1976). [21] Paul Craig, Administrative Law, Seventh Edition, Sweet & Maxwell,2012, p.341. [22]然而加利根(Galligan)认为确保结果的公正,也是一种公正对待,因而两者是尊严进路内部的差别,而非不同的进路。D. J. Galligan, Due Process and Fair Procedures: A Study of Administrative Procedures, Clarendon Press,1996, pp.75-78.这种说法并不准确,因为听取意见未必能够确保公正,二者之间并非充分必要条件;而当不给予这种程序性权利时,尊严本身就会遭到侵犯。 [23] Cooper v Board of Works for the Wandsworth District [1863]143 ER 414 Court of Common Pleas (1863). [24] R. v. Electricity Commissioners, ex parte London Electricity Joint Committee Co.(1920) Ltd [1924]1 KB 171. [25] Harry Woolf, Jeffery Jowell & Andrew Le Sueur, De Smith’s Judicial Review, Sixth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell,2007, pp.334-337. [26] Edward Rubin, It’s Time to Make the Administrative Procedure Act Administrative, 89 Cornell Law Review 95(2003). [27] Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne [1951] AC 66(PC). [28] Charles A. Reich, The New Property,73 The Yale Law Journal 733(1964). [29] William W. Van Alstyne, The Demise of the Right-Privilege Distinction in Constitutional Law,81 Harvard Law Review 1439(1967). [30] Goldberg v. Kelly,397 U.S.254(1970). [31] Harry Woolf, Jeffery Jowell & Andrew Le Sueur, De Smith’s Judicial Review, Sixth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell,2007, pp.327-328. [32] Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40. [33] S.H. Bailey, Grounds for Judicial Review: Due Process, Natural Justice and Fairness, David Feldman (ed.,), English Public Law, Oxford University Press,2004, p.786. [34] Re HK (An Infant)[1967]2 QB 617. [35] Harry Woolf, Jeffery Jowell & Andrew Le Sueur, De Smith’s Judicial Review, Sixth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell,2007, p.342. [36] Harry Woolf, Jeffery Jowell & Andrew Le Sueur, De Smith’s Judicial Review, Sixth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell,2007, p.342. [37] Nicholson v Haldimand-Norfolk Reg Police Commrs,[1979]1 SCR 311.自1949年以后加拿大最高法院取得了司法的最终决定权,停止了向英国枢密院司法委员会的上诉,而澳大利亚的最高法院要到1986年才完全独立。 [38]当然,关于鲍德温以及尼克尔森案,另外一个重要的问题在于是否属于可被无理由解除职务的情形。 [39]杨寅:《普通法传统中的自然正义原则》,《华东政法大学学报》2000年第3期。 [40] Mark Elliott, Beatson, Matthews and Elliott’s Administrative Law: texts and Materials, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press,2011, pp.353-354. [41] David Mullan, Fairness: The New Natural Justice?25 University of Toronto Law Journal 281(1975). [42]例如我国台湾地区学者汤德宗关于正当程序内容的详细阐述,就相当于罗列了这样一个程序性的权利的清单。汤德宗:《论正当行政程序》,载汤德宗:《行政程序法论》,台北元照出版社2005年版。 [43] Mark Aronson & Matthew Groves, Judicial Review of Administrative Action, Fifth Edition, Thomson Reuters,2013, pp.486-489;高秦伟:《美国行政法中正当程序的民营化及其启示》,《法商研究》2009年第1期。 [44] Harry Woolf, Jeffery Jowell & Andrew Le Sueur, De Smith’s Judicial Review, Sixth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell,2007, p.356. [45] R v Commission for Racial Equality, ex p Cottrell and Rothon [1980]1 WLR 1580,1587. [46] Lloyd v. McMahon [1987] AC 625 at 702. [47] Peter Cane, Administrative Law, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press,2011, p.70. [48] R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Doody [1994]1 AC 560. [49] S.H. Bailey, Grounds for Judicial Review: Due Process, Natural Justice and Fairness, David Feldman (ed.,), English Public Law, Oxford University Press,2004, p.786.P.786.795. [50] S.H. Bailey, Grounds for Judicial Review: Due Process, Natural Justice and Fairness, David Feldman (ed.,), English Public Law, Oxford University Press,2004, p.786.P.786. [51] McInnes v. Onslow Fane [1978]1. W.L. R.1520. [52] Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),[1999]2 S.C.R.817. [53] Russell v. Duke of Norfolk [1949]1 All ER 109 at 117. [54] Mathews v. Eldridge,424 U.S.319(1976). [55] Osborn v. The Parole Board,[2013] UKSC 61. [56] R. Posner, An Economic Approach to Legal Procedure and Judicial Administration,2 Journal of Legal Studies 399(1973). [57] Jerry L. Mashaw, Administrative Due Process: The Quest for a Dignitary Theory,61 Boston University Law Review 885(1981); Dignitary Process: A Political Psychology of Liberal Democratic Citizenship,39 University of Florida Law Review 433(1987). See also Jerry L. Mashaw, Due Process in the Administrative State, Yale University Press,1985. [58] Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, Oxford University Press,1985, pp.100-101. [59]同样的争论也发生在现代关于成本收益分析的讨论中,例如Lisa Heinzerling, The Rights of Statistical People,24 Harvard Enviromental Law Review 189(2000); Frank Ackerman and Lisa Heinzerling, Priceless : on knowing the price of everything and the value of nothing, New Press,2004. [60] Paul Craig, Administrative Law, Seventh Edition, Sweet & Maxwell,2012, p.358. [61] Gus Van Harten, Geral Heckman & David J. Mullan, Administrative Law: Cases, Text, and Materials, Sixth Edition, Edmond Montgomery Publications,2010, pp.77-81. [62] H.W. Wade & C.F. Forsyth, Administrative Law, Eleventh Edition, Oxford University Press,2014, pp.423-424. [63] Singh v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),[1985]1 S.C.R.177. [64] Peter Cane, Administrative Law, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press,2011, pp.153-156. [65] Carol Harlow & Richard Rawlings, Law and Administration, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, p.193. [66] Pottie and Sossin, Demystifying the Boundaries of Public Law: Policy, Discretion, and Social Welfare,38 University of British Columbia Law Review 147(2005). [67] Peter Cane, Administrative Law, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press,2011, p.154. [68] Peter Cane, Administrative Law, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press,2011, p.154. [69] Peter Cane, Administrative Law, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press,2011, p.156. [70] R (Bapio Action Ltd) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008]1 AC 1003. [71] Gus Van Harten, Geral Heckman & David J. Mullan, Administrative Law: Cases, Text, and Materials, Sixth Edition, Edmond Montgomery Publications,2010, p.281. [72] Gus Van Harten, Geral Heckman & David J. Mullan, Administrative Law: Cases, Text, and Materials, Sixth Edition, Edmond Montgomery Publications,2010, pp.281-282. [73] Galligan, D. J. Galligan, Due Process and Fair Procedures: A Study of Administrative Procedures, Clarendon Press,1996, pp.309-313. [74] D. J. Galligan, Due Process and Fair Procedures: A Study of Administrative Procedures, Clarendon Press,1996,pp.311-312. [75] Carol Harlow, European Administrative Procedure: The European Union as Exemplar, Lisbon Meeting on Administrative Procedures, Institute for Legal and Political Sciences, Dec.2011, pp.50-51. [76] Vasco Pereira da Silva, Functions and Purposes of Administrative Procedure: New Problems and New Solutions, Lisbon Meeting on Administrative Procedure, Institute for Legal and Political Sciences, Dec.2011, pp.87-88. |
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作者简介:毕洪海,北京航空航天大学法学院讲师,法学博士。 | |||
文章来源:《政治与法律》2015年第6期。 |